Keyboard shortcuts

Press ← or → to navigate between chapters

Press S or / to search in the book

Press ? to show this help

Press Esc to hide this help

OpenStack Keystone in Rust

The legacy Keystone identity service (written in Python and maintained upstream by OpenStack Foundation) has served the OpenStack ecosystem reliably for years. It handles authentication, authorization, token issuance, service catalog, project/tenant management, and federation services across thousands of deployments. However, as we embarked on adding next-generation identity features—such as native WebAuthn (“passkeys”), modern federation flows, direct OIDC support, JWT login, workload authorization, restricted tokens and service-accounts—it became clear that certain design and performance limitations of the Python codebase would hamper efficient implementation of these new features.

Consequently, we initiated a project termed “Keystone-NG”: a Rust-based component that augments rather than fully replaces the existing Keystone service. The original plan was to implement only the new feature-set in Rust and route those new API paths to the Rust component, while keeping the core Python Keystone service in place for existing users and workflows.

As development progressed, however, the breadth of new functionality (and the opportunity to revisit some of the existing limitations) led to a partial re-implementation of certain core identity flows in Rust. This allows us to benefit from Rust’s memory safety, concurrency model, performance, and modern tooling, while still preserving the upstream Keystone Python service as the canonical “master” identity service, routing only the new endpoints and capabilities through the Rust component.

In practice, this architecture means:

  • The upstream Python Keystone remains the main identity interface, preserving backward compatibility, integration with other OpenStack services, existing user workflows, catalogs, policies and plugins.

  • The Rust “Keystone-NG” component handles new functionality, specifically:

    • Native WebAuthN (passkeys) support for passwordless / phishing-resistant MFA

    • A reworked federation service, enabling modern identity brokering and advanced federation semantics OIDC (OpenID Connect) Direct in Keystone, enabling Keystone to act as an OIDC Provider or integrate with external OIDC identity providers natively JWT login flows, enabling stateless, compact tokens suitable for new micro-services, CLI, SDK, and workload-to-workload scenarios

    • Workload Authorization, designed for service-to-service authorization in cloud native contexts (not just human users)

    • Restricted Tokens and Service Accounts, which allow fine-grained, limited‐scope credentials for automation, agents, and service accounts, with explicit constraints and expiry

By routing only the new flows through the Rust component we preserve the stability and ecosystem compatibility of Keystone, while enabling a forward-looking identity architecture. Over time, additional identity flows may be migrated or refactored into the Rust component as needed, but our current objective is to retain the existing Keystone Python implementation as the trusted, mature baseline and incrementally build the “Keystone-NG” Rust service as the complement.

We believe this approach allows the best of both worlds: the trusted maturity of Keystone’s Python code-base, combined with the modern, high-safety, high-performance capabilities of Rust where they matter most.

Compatibility

Highest priority is to ensure that this implementation is compatible with the original python Keystone: authentication issued by Rust implementation is accepted by the Python Keystone and vice versa. At the same time it is expected, that the new implementation may implement new features not supported by the Python implementation. In this case, it is still expected that such features do not break authentication flows. It must be possible to deploy Python and Rust implementation in parallel and do request routing on the web server level.

Database

Adding new features most certainly require having database changes. It is not expected that such changes interfere with the Python implementation to ensure it is working correctly.

API

Also here it is expected that new API resources are going to be added. As above it is not expected that such changes interfere with the Python implementation to ensure it is still working correctly and existing clients will not break.